AWS VPC Lab

Posted on 2020-10-12 Edited on 2024-09-06 In Tech , AWS , Labs , AWS , Network

VPC

Build a VPC with Public and Private Subnets (from Scratch)

https://play.whizlabs.com/site/task_details?lab_type=1&task_id=14&quest_id=35

Objective

Learn how to build Public and Private subnets from scratch.
The VPC wizard will not be used. Every component required to build public and private subnets will be created and configured manually.
This will give an in-depth understanding of internal components of VPCs and subnets.

Lab Details

This lab walks you through AWS Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) creation from scratch.
In this lab, we will create a VPC without using VPC Wizard. We will create our own public and private subnets. Along with that, we will be configuring Route tables.

Introduction

What is VPC?

VPC stands for Virtual Private Cloud.
It’s a custom-defined virtual network within the AWS Cloud.
Users can logically create their personal network, designing and implementing a separate and independent network that would operate in the AWS Cloud.
Primary components are: Subnets, IP addresses, NAT Devices (Instances & Gateways), Route Tables, Internet & Virtual Private Gateways, Access Control Lists, Security groups, VPC Endpoints.
- A subnet is a segment of the VPC IP address range, where we can launch EC2 Instances, RDS, and other AWS resources.
- Subnet are further classified as Public and Private.
- Public subnets hold resources that can be accessed from the Internet.
- Common attributes for instances in Public Subnets to have are:
  - Elastic IP (EIP) address or Public IP address attached to the EC2 instance.
  - IGW attached to the VPC.
  - The subnet must have a route table entry with destination as internet gateway (IGW) 0.0.0.0/0.
- Security groups and NACLs should not block remove access.
- Public subnets are associated with a route table that directs subnet traffic to the internet using an Internet Gateway.
- Private subnets hold resources that can be accessed from within the VPC network.
- Multiple subnets can be associated with a single route table. However, a single subnet cannot be associated with multiple route tables.
- Route tables hold sets of rules, called routes that are used to determine where the traffic is directed.
- Every subnet in a VPC is linked to the route table.
- Primary or Main route tables are the ones that automatically come with your VPC. They control the routing for all subnets that are not explicitly associated with any other route table.
- The default route table cannot be deleted.
- Custom route tables are the ones you create for your VPC, and you can add routes as needed.
- Custom route tables can be deleted when not required.
- Internet Gateway (IGW) is a virtual router which helps a VPC connect to the Internet.
- By default, instances that are launched in a VPC cannot communicate with the Internet. To enable Internet access, Internet gateway needed to be attached to the VPC.
- Public subnets gets connected to IGW through route tables to get accessed over the Internet.
- Internet Gateways are horizontally scalable, highly available and redundant.
- EIP, Elastic IP address is a static IPv4 address used by AWS to manage its dynamic cloud computing services.
- It is associated with an AWS Account, and you can use it to mask if an instance failure occurs i.e., if a server fails, we can map this IP address to another server and keep moving without any issues.
- NAT devices can be either an Instance / Gateway residing in Public subnet, (to which an EIP is assigned).
- NAT devices help instances in Private subnets interact with the Internet.
- Access Control List (ACL) is an optional layer of security that acts as a firewall for controlling network traffic in and out of the subnet.
- Rules are defined with the ACL for allowing or denying network traffic either on ports / IP addresses.

Lab Tasks

Log into AWS Management Console.
Create a VPC without using the VPC Wizard.
Create an Internet Gateway.
Create private and public subnets for the VPC.
Create and Configure Route tables.

Basic Understanding before we start building VPC from scratch

When you create an Amazon AWS VPC, you specify a set of IP addresses in the form of a Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) block (Ex: 10.0.0.0/16).
You can assign a single CIDR block to a VPC. The allowed block size is between a /28 netmask and /16 netmask. In other words, the VPC can contain from 16 to 65,536 IP addresses.

Architecture Diagram

VPC Configuration

Services -> VPC

Create VPC

Click on VPC (under Networking & Content Delivery section) or you can also search for VPC.

Click on Your VPCs from the left menu.

Here you can see the list of all VPC, No need to do anything with the existing and default VPCs, we will create a new VPC for this lab.

Click on Create VPC.

Name tag: testVPC
IPv4 CIDR block: 10.0.0.0/16
IPv6 CIDR block: No need to change this, make sure No IPv6 CIDR Block is checked.
Tenancy: No need to change this, make sure Default is selected.

Now click on Create VPC.

Once VPC is created, click on Your VPCs.
It will appear with details as shown below:

Create Subnet

In this lab, we will create one public subnet and a private subnet in us-east-1a and us-east-1b Availability Zones respectively as follows:

For the Public Subnet, click on Subnets from the left menu and click on Create subnet.
- VPC: Select testVPC from the list you created earlier.
- Name tag: PublicSubnet
- Availability Zone: Select us-east-1a
- IPv4 CIDR block: Enter the range 10.0.1.0/24

Click on Create subnet.

For the Private Subnet, click on Subnets from the left menu and click on Create subnet.
- VPC: Select testVPC from the list you created earlier.
- Name tag: PrivateSubnet
- Availability Zone: Select us-east-1b
- IPv4 CIDR block: Enter the range 10.0.2.0/24

Click on Create subnet.

Create and configure Internet Gateway

Click on Internet Gateways from the left menu and click on Create internet gateway.

Name Tag : IGW.

Click on Create internet gateway.

Select the Internet gateway you created from the list

Click on Actions.
Click on Attach to VPC.
Select test which you created from the list and click on Attach internet gateway.

Create Route Tables

Go to Route Tables from the left menu and click on Create route table.

Name Tag: PublicRouteTable.
VPC: Select testVPC from the list.

Click on Create.

Repeat the same steps to create a route table for the RDS database tier (Private Subnet).

Name Tag: PrivateRouteTable.
VPC: Select testVPC from the list.

Click on Create.

Associate the public subnet to the public route table.

Select PublicRouteTable and go to the Subnet Associations tab.
Click on Edit subnet associations.

Select PublicSubnet from the list.

Click on Save.

Associate the private subnet to the private route table.

Select PrivateRouteTable and go to the Subnet Associations tab.
Click on Edit subnet associations.
Select PrivateSubnet from the list.
Click on Save

Make sure not to associate any subnets with the Main Route Table.

PublicRouteTable: Add a route to allow Internet traffic to the VPC.
Select PublicRouteTable from the list.
Go to Routes tab, click on Edit routes

Specify the following values:

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Internet Gateway from the dropdown menu to select IGW.

Click on Save routes.

Completion and Conclusion

You have successfully completed and learned how to create public and private subnets.
You have learned how to create an Internet Gateway and associate it to VPC.
You now understand how public and private subnets are different (through associating Internet Gateway or not).
The instances launched inside the public subnet will be able to access the internet and instances launched inside the private subnet will not have access to the internet.

Creating NAT Gateways in AWS

https://play.whizlabs.com/site/task_details?lab_type=1&task_id=35&quest_id=35

Lab Details

This lab walks you through the steps to create a NAT Gateway and allow internet access to an Instance in a private subnet.

Introduction

What is NAT Gateways?

NAT stands for Network Address Translation.
A NAT Gateway is a device used to enable instances in a private subnet to connect to the internet or other AWS services.
It prevents the internet from initiating connections with the instances present in the private subnet.
It forwards traffic from the instance in the private subnet to the internet or other AWS services, and then sends the response back to the instances.
Changes the instances IP address with the NAT device’s address when the traffic goes to the Internet.
We have 2 kinds of NAT devices:
- NAT Instance
- NAT Gateway
NAT Instance uses Amazon Linux AMIs.
NAT Instance limit depends on your instance type limit for the region.
NAT Instance does not support IPv6 traffic.
NAT Gateway usage is charged to the customer on an hourly basis.
NAT Gateway does not support IPv6 traffic.
AWS recommends the usage of NAT Gateway, since they provide better availability and bandwidth over NAT Instances.

Tasks

Log into AWS Management Console.
Create a VPC. Create public and private subnet and attached Internet Gateway to public subnet.
Create EC2 instances for each public and private subnet.
SSH and test the internet access from an instance in private subnet.
To provide internet access to the Instance in the private subnet, create a NAT Gateway and attach it to the VPC.
Attach NAT Gateway to correct route table.
Test the internet access from the Instance created inside the private subnet.

Architecture Diagram

VPC Configuration

Services -> VPC

Create VPC

Click on VPC (under Networking & Content Delivery section) or you can also search for VPC.

Click on Your VPCs from the left menu.

Here you can see the list of all VPC, No need to do anything with the existing and default VPCs, we will create a new VPC for this lab.

Click on Create VPC.

Name tag: testVPC
IPv4 CIDR block: 10.0.0.0/16
IPv6 CIDR block: No need to change this, make sure No IPv6 CIDR Block is checked.
Tenancy: No need to change this, make sure Default is selected.

Now click on Create VPC.

Once VPC is created, click on Your VPCs.
It will appear with details as shown below:

Create Subnet

In this lab, we will create one public subnet and a private subnet in us-east-1a and us-east-1b Availability Zones respectively as follows:

Public Subnet

For the Public Subnet, click on Subnets from the left menu and click on Create subnet.

VPC: Select testVPC from the list you created earlier.
Name tag: PublicSubnet
Availability Zone: Select us-east-1a
IPv4 CIDR block: Enter the range 10.0.1.0/24

Click on Create subnet.

Let’s enable Auto Assign public IP to Instances created within this subnet,

Select PublicSubnet , Click on Actions.
Click on Modify auto-assign IP settings

Auto-assign IPv4: Check Enable auto-assign public IPv4 address
Click on Save.

Now the Instances launched inside the PublicSubnet will have Public IPs assigned to them by default.

Private Subnet

For the Private Subnet, click on Subnets from the left menu and click on Create subnet.

VPC: Select testVPC from the list you created earlier.
Name tag: PrivateSubnet
Availability Zone: Select us-east-1b
IPv4 CIDR block: Enter the range 10.0.2.0/24

Click on Create subnet.

Create Gateways

Internet Gateway

Click on Internet Gateways from the left menu and click on Create internet gateway.

Name Tag: IGW.

Click on Create internet gateway.

Select the Internet gateway you created from the list

Click on Actions.
Click on Attach to VPC.
Select test which you created from the list and click on Attach internet gateway.

NAT Gateway

Click on NAT Gateways from the left menu and click on Create NAT gateway.

Name Tag: NGW.
Subnet: PublicSubnet

Click on Allocate Elastic IP.
Click on Create NAT gateway.

Note that NAT Gateway is always created in a public subnet.

NAT Gateway will be created in a few minutes. Once created, the status will change to available.

Create Route Tables

Go to Route Tables from the left menu and click on Create route table.

Name Tag: PublicRouteTable.
VPC: Select testVPC from the list.

Click on Create.

Repeat the same steps to create a route table for the RDS database tier (Private Subnet).

Name Tag: PrivateRouteTable.
VPC: Select testVPC from the list.

Click on Create.

Associate the public subnet to the public route table.

Select PublicRouteTable and go to the Subnet Associations tab.
Click on Edit subnet associations.

Select PublicSubnet from the list.

Click on Save.

Associate the private subnet to the private route table.

Select PrivateRouteTable and go to the Subnet Associations tab.
Click on Edit subnet associations.
Select PrivateSubnet from the list.
Click on Save

Make sure not to associate any subnets with the Main Route Table.

PublicRouteTable: Add a route to allow Internet traffic to the VPC.
Select PublicRouteTable from the list.
Go to Routes tab, click on Edit routes

Specify the following values:

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Internet Gateway from the dropdown menu to select IGW.

Click on Save routes.

Now the Instances launched within PublicSubnet will have access to the Internet.

PrivateRouteTable: Add a route to allow the private subnet to connect to the public subnet, the Internet(if you have public subnet with correct settings), and other private subnets.
Select PrivateRouteTable from the list.
Go to Routes tab, click on Edit routes

Specify the following values:

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Internet Gateway from the dropdown menu to select NGW.

Click on Save routes.

Now the Instances launched within PrivateSubnet will have access to the Internet.

EC2 Configuration

Service -> EC2 -> Instances

Launching an EC2 Instance in Public Subnet

Click on Launch Instance.

Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Search for Amazon Linux 2 AMI in the search box and click on the select button.

Choose an Instance Type: select t2.micro and click on the Next: Configure Instance Details

Configure Instance Details:

Network: testVPC
Subnet: PublicSubnet
Auto-assign Public IP: Use Subnet Setting (Enable) - default
Leave all other settings as default.

Click on Nex: Add Storage

Add Storage: No need to change anything in this step. Click on Next: Add tags

Add Tags: Click on Add tag

Key: Name
Value: MyPublicEC2Server

Click on Next: Configure Security Group

Configure Security Group:

SSH is already available:
- Security Group Name: PublicSG
- Description: Security Group for EC2 running on public subnet.
- Choose Type: SSH
- Source: Anywhere

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Create a new key pair
Key pair Name: aws-ec2

Click on Download Key Pair.

Click on Launch Instances.

Launch Status: Your instance is now launching, Select the instance and wait for it to change status to running.

Note down the Public IP address of PublicEC2Server: 3.89.215.39

Launching an EC2 Instance in Private Subnet

Click on Launch Instance.

Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Search for Amazon Linux 2 AMI in the search box and click on the select button.

Choose an Instance Type: select t2.micro and click on the Next: Configure Instance Details

Configure Instance Details:

Network: testVPC
Subnet: PrivateSubnet
Auto-assign Public IP: Use Subnet Setting (Disable) - default
Leave all other settings as default.

Click on Nex: Add Storage

Add Storage: No need to change anything in this step. Click on Next: Add tags

Add Tags: Click on Add tag

Key: Name
Value: MyPrivateEC2Server

Click on Next: Configure Security Group

Configure Security Group:

SSH is already available:
- Security Group Name: PrivateSG
- Description: Security Group for EC2 running on private subnet.
- Choose Type: SSH
- Source: Anywhere

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Choose an existing key pair
Select a key pair: aws-ec2

Click on Launch Instances.

Launch Status: Your instance is now launching, Select the instance and wait for it to change status to running.

Note down the Public IP address of PublicEC2Server: None

SSH into Public and Private EC2 Instance and Test Internet Connectivity

SSH into EC2 running on public subnet

If you cannot understand the following steps. Click on SSH into EC2 instance

Using the public IP address, SSH into PublicEC2Server.

SSH into the EC2 running on public subnet, and paste the public IP address from AWS EC2 console web page.

See current working directory.

Open another terminal. And transfer file aws-ec2.pem from your local machine to the EC2 server running on public subnet.

Using ls to see if aws-ec2.pem is successfully transferred.

SSH into EC2 running on private subnet

SSH into the EC2 running on private subnet from the one running on public subnet, and paste the private IP address from AWS EC2 console web page.

Understanding and Configuring Layered Security in an AWS VPC

https://play.whizlabs.com/site/task_details?lab_type=1&task_id=66&quest_id=35

Lab Details

This lab walks you through the steps to Configure Multi-layered Security in AWS VPC and to launch 2 EC2 instances (one in a public subnet and another in a private subnet)
You will practice it using Amazon VPC, Amazon EC2

Introduction

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud

Amazon VPC allows us to launch AWS resources in an isolated network that is defined by us in a more private and secure environment.
This feature enables us to increase the security level of the AWS resources.
The AWS resources can be protected using multilayered VPC which includes security groups and Network Access Control list.
The VPC security group provides security at instance level which acts like a firewall and controls both inbound and outbound traffic.
The VPC NACL provides security at Network Level i.e subnet level which acts like a firewall for associated subnets and controls inbound and outbound traffic.

Lab Tasks

In this lab, we are going to Configure Multi layered VPC security and launch 2 AWS EC2 instances. Create a VPC with your custom CIDR block IP range.
Create 2 subnets for public and private resources. AWS resources in the subnet will have access to the internet AWS resources in the private subnet will be protected and isolated from the internet.
Create an Internet gateway and associate it with the VPC. This is needed in order for the resources to connect to the external world.
Create 2 Route tables (one for public routing and one for private) and then provide the routes and associate the subnets accordingly.
Launch 2 AWS EC2 instances (one in the public subnet and one in the private subnet).
SSH into the public EC2 Instance and use the ping command, try to reach the Private IP of the private EC2 instance.
Verify the response of the ping command to know whether the instance is reachable from the internet.

Architecture Diagram

VPC Configuration

Services -> VPC

Create VPC

Click on VPC (under Networking & Content Delivery section) or you can also search for VPC.

Click on Your VPCs from the left menu.

Here you can see the list of all VPC, No need to do anything with the existing and default VPCs, we will create a new VPC for this lab.

Click on Create VPC.

Name tag: testVPC
IPv4 CIDR block: 10.0.0.0/16
IPv6 CIDR block: No need to change this, make sure No IPv6 CIDR Block is checked.
Tenancy: No need to change this, make sure Default is selected.

Now click on Create VPC.

Once VPC is created, click on Your VPCs.
It will appear with details as shown below:

Create Subnet

In this lab, we will create one public subnet and a private subnet in us-east-1a and us-east-1b Availability Zones respectively as follows:

Public Subnet

For the Public Subnet, click on Subnets from the left menu and click on Create subnet.

VPC: Select testVPC from the list you created earlier.
Name tag: PublicSubnet
Availability Zone: Select us-east-1a
IPv4 CIDR block: Enter the range 10.0.1.0/24

Click on Create subnet.

Private Subnet

For the Private Subnet, click on Subnets from the left menu and click on Create subnet.

VPC: Select testVPC from the list you created earlier.
Name tag: PrivateSubnet
Availability Zone: Select us-east-1b
IPv4 CIDR block: Enter the range 10.0.2.0/24

Click on Create subnet.

Create Gateways

Internet Gateway

Click on Internet Gateways from the left menu and click on Create internet gateway.

Name Tag: IGW.

Click on Create internet gateway.

Select the Internet gateway you created from the list

Click on Actions.
Click on Attach to VPC.
Select test which you created from the list and click on Attach internet gateway.

NAT Gateway

Click on NAT Gateways from the left menu and click on Create NAT gateway.

Name Tag: NGW.
Subnet: PublicSubnet

Click on Allocate Elastic IP.
Click on Create NAT gateway.

Note that NAT Gateway is always created in a public subnet.

NAT Gateway will be created in a few minutes. Once created, the status will change to available.

Create Route Tables

Go to Route Tables from the left menu and click on Create route table.

Name Tag: PublicRouteTable.
VPC: Select testVPC from the list.

Click on Create.

Repeat the same steps to create a route table for the RDS database tier (Private Subnet).

Name Tag: PrivateRouteTable.
VPC: Select testVPC from the list.

Click on Create.

Associate the public subnet to the public route table.

Select PublicRouteTable and go to the Subnet Associations tab.
Click on Edit subnet associations.

Select PublicSubnet from the list.

Click on Save.

Associate the private subnet to the private route table.

Select PrivateRouteTable and go to the Subnet Associations tab.
Click on Edit subnet associations.
Select PrivateSubnet from the list.
Click on Save

Make sure not to associate any subnets with the Main Route Table.

PublicRouteTable: Add a route to allow Internet traffic to the VPC.
Select PublicRouteTable from the list.
Go to Routes tab, click on Edit routes

Specify the following values:

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Internet Gateway from the dropdown menu to select IGW.

Click on Save routes.

Now the Instances launched within PublicSubnet will have access to the Internet.

Specify the following values:

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0
Target: Select Internet Gateway from the dropdown menu to select NGW.

Click on Save routes.

Now the Instances launched within PrivateSubnet will have access to the Internet.

Creating Security Groups

Create a security group which will provide security at the instance level. Go to Services → VPC → Security → Click on Security Groups → Click on Create Security Group and then provide the following details:

Security group name: ConnectionTestSG
Description: security group for multilayered VPC
VPC: testVPC (select from the dropdown)

Under Inbound Rules, click on Add Rule.

To add SSH,

Choose Type: SSH
Source: Anywhere

To add All ICMP - IPv4, click on Add Rule.

Choose Type: All ICMP - IPv4
Source: Anywhere

Click on Create security group

Creating a NACL, Configuring Inbound Rules and Associating Subnets

We will start by creating a NACL. To do so go to Go to Services → VPC → Network ACLs and click on Create Network ACL Provide the following details:

Name tag: ConnectionTestNACL
VPC: TestVPC (Select the VPC which you created from the dropdown)

Click on Create and Close.

Select ConnectionTestNACL and then in the bottom window click on Inbound Rules → Edit Inbound Rules and then click on the Add Rule.

Add the following rules:

For SSH, click on Add Rule,

Rule#: 100
Type: SSH (22)
Source: 0.0.0.0/0
Allow / Deny: Allow

For ALL ICMP- IPv4, click on Add Rule,

Rule#: 200
Type: ALL ICMP - IPv4
Source: 0.0.0.0/0
Allow / Deny: Allow

Click on Save.

NACLs are stateless. You need to add the same rule in Outbound rules too. To do so click on Outbound Rules → Edit Outbound Rules → Add Rule and then provide the following details:

Add the following rules:

For SSH, click on Add Rule,

Rule#: 100
Type: SSH (22)
Source: 0.0.0.0/0
Allow / Deny: Allow

For ALL ICMP- IPv4, click on Add Rule,

Rule# : 200
Type: ALL ICMP - IPv4
Source: 0.0.0.0/0
Allow / Deny: Allow

For Custom TCP Rule, click on Add Rule,

Rule#: 300
Type: Custom TCP Rule
Port Range: 1024-65535
Source: 0.0.0.0/0
Allow / Deny: Allow

Click on Save

Associate both public and private subnets with this NACL. To do so, Select the ConnectionTestNACL → Click on Subnet Association in the bottom window → Edit the Subnet association → Select both subnets we created and click on Edit.

EC2 Configuration

Service -> EC2 -> Instances

Launching an EC2 Instance in Public Subnet

Click on Launch Instance.

Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Search for Amazon Linux 2 AMI in the search box and click on the select button.

Choose an Instance Type: select t2.micro and click on the Next: Configure Instance Details

Configure Instance Details:

Network: testVPC
Subnet: PublicSubnet
Auto-assign Public IP: Enable
Leave all other settings as default.

Click on Nex: Add Storage

Add Storage: No need to change anything in this step. Click on Next: Add tags

Add Tags: Click on Add tag

Key: Name
Value: MyPublicEC2Server

Click on Next: Configure Security Group

Configure Security Group:
Click on Select an existing security group

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Create a new key pair
Key pair Name: aws-ec2

Click on Download Key Pair.

Click on Launch Instances.

Launch Status: Your instance is now launching, Select the instance and wait for it to change status to running.

Note down the Public IP address of PublicEC2Server: 3.89.215.39

Launching an EC2 Instance in Private Subnet

Click on Launch Instance.

Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Search for Amazon Linux 2 AMI in the search box and click on the select button.

Choose an Instance Type: select t2.micro and click on the Next: Configure Instance Details

Configure Instance Details:

Network: testVPC
Subnet: PrivateSubnet
Auto-assign Public IP: Use Subnet Setting (Disable) - default
Leave all other settings as default.

Click on Nex: Add Storage

Add Storage: No need to change anything in this step. Click on Next: Add tags

Add Tags: Click on Add tag

Key: Name
Value: MyPrivateEC2Server

Click on Next: Configure Security Group

Configure Security Group:
Click on Select an existing security group

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Choose an existing key pair
Select a key pair: aws-ec2

Click on Launch Instances.

Launch Status: Your instance is now launching, Select the instance and wait for it to change status to running.

Note down the Public IP address of PublicEC2Server: None

Test Connection through ICMP

Test connection to EC2 instance running on public subnet

Services -> EC2 -> Instances

copy the public IP address of the public instance

Shell on your local machine

1	ping public_IP_address

For exit the process, press ctrl + c

SSH into EC2 instance running on public subnet

If you cannot understand the following steps. Click on SSH into EC2 instance

Using the public IP address, SSH into PublicEC2Server.

SSH into the EC2 running on public subnet, and paste the public IP address from AWS EC2 console web page.

Test connection to EC2 instance running on private subnet

Services -> EC2 -> Instances

copy the private IP address of the private instance

For exit the process, press ctrl + c

Shell on your public EC2 instance

1	ping private_IP_address

Completion and Conclusion

You have successfully used the AWS management console to Configure Multi layered VPC security.
You have successfully created a VPC with your custom CIDR block IP range.
You have successfully created 2 subnets for public and private AWS instances.
You have successfully created an Internet gateway and associated it with the VPC.
You have successfully created 2 Route tables (one public, one private), provided the routes and associated the subnets with the route tables.
You have successfully created a Network ACL.
You have successfully launched 2 EC2 instances (one in a public subnet and one in a private subnet)
You have successfully tested the EC2 instance for connectivity to the outside world.

Deploying a Highly Available Web Application and Bastion Host in AWS

https://play.whizlabs.com/site/task_details?lab_type=1&task_id=42&quest_id=35

Lab Details

This lab walks you through the steps to deploy a highly available Web application and use Bastion host to control the access to underlying private instances.

Introduction

Bastion Host

A bastion host is a system that is exposed to the internet.
In terms of security, Bastion is the only server that is exposed to the internet and should be highly protective to malicious attacks.
A Bastion host is also known as a Jump Box. It is a computer that acts like a proxy server and that allows the client machine to connect to the remote server.
It usually resides outside the firewall.
The Bastion server filters the incoming traffic and prevents unwanted connections entering the network thus acting as a gateway to maintain the security of bastion hosts, all unnecessary software, daemons.

High Availability

Consider your application is running on a single EC2 instance. If the traffic to your application increases and you need further resources, we can launch multiple EC2 instances from an already running server and then use Elastic Load Balancing to distribute the traffic to your application among the newly-created servers.
We can also eliminate the Fault tolerance in your application by placing the servers ( EC2 instances) across different availability zones.
In the event of Failure of one Availability zone, your application will serve or handle the traffic from another availability zone.
High Availability and fault tolerance can be achieved using Elastic Load balancers (ELB).

Elastic Load Balancer (ELB)

Load Balancer is a service that allows you to distribute the incoming application or network traffic across multiple targets (such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses) in multiple Availability Zones.
AWS currently offers three types of load balancers:
Application Load Balancer is best suited for load balancing of HTTP and HTTPS traffic.
Network Load Balancer is used to distribute the traffic or load using TCP/UDP protocols.
Classic Load Balancer provides basic load balancing across multiple Amazon EC2 instances.

Task Details

Launch a Bastion Host instance along with two web application instances, two web application instances should be launched in the private subnet.
Set up a Load Balancer and associate the two web instances to the Load Balancer.
SSH into the web servers via the Bastion server.
Publish a test index.html on both of the web servers.
Access the webpage using the load balancer’s DNS endpoint.
Check the responses to see the Load Distribution between the 2 servers.
Stop or Terminate one of the web servers.
Check the responses to see how to Load Distribution changes

Architecture Diagram

CloudFormation Configuration

Services -> CloudFormation

In this lab we will create a VPC using CloudFormation with one public and two private subnets. This VPC will be used in the lab to create resources.

Under CloudFormation stacks, you will be able to see a stack getting created.

Description: This CF template will create a VPC with CIDR 30.0.0.0/16. Two public subnets and two private subnet. Creates an IGW and attach it to the Public Route table. Creates a NAT Gateway and add the Route to the private subnet.

Now wait until the Stack status changes to CREATE_COMPLETE and please refresh the stack page to view the latest status.

EC2 Configuration

Service -> EC2 -> Instances

Bastion Server Configuration

Click on Launch Instance

Choose the first Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Amazon Linux 2 AMI (HVM), SSD Volume Type click on the Select button.

Instance Type : t2.micro

In the Configure Instance Details,

Network : Bastion-VPC
Subnet : Public Subnet 1
Auto-assign Public IP : Enabled

Leave all fields with the default values and then click on Next: Add Storage

No need to change anything in this step, click on Next: Add Tags

Add Tags: Click on Add Tag

Key: Name
Value: Bastion-Server

Click on Next: Configure Security Group.

Configure Security Group:

Assign a security group: Choose to Create a new security group

Security group name: Bastion-SG
Description: Security group for Bastion-server

To add SSH:

Type: SSH
Source: Custom(Allow specific IP address) - 0.0.0.0/0

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Create a new key pair
Key pair Name: aws-ec2

Click on Download Key Pair.

Click on Launch Instances.

Security Group Configuration

Creating a Security Group for the Load Balancer

Navigate to the EC2 Dashboard, scroll down to Security Groups in left menu and click on Create security group

Configure the security group as follows:

Security group name: LoadBalancer-SG
Description: Security group for the Load balancer
VPC: Bastion-VPC

Click on Add rule and add the port as follows:

Type : HTTP
Source: Anywhere

Leave everything by default in Outbound rules and Tags - optional

Click on Create security group.

The security group for the load balancer will be created.

Web Server Configuration

Note: As part of AWS best practices, the web servers should reside in private subnets. We have created a private subnet and NAT gateway. The private subnet is attached to a route table to route traffic via NAT gateway to the internet. Please select the private subnet while launching web servers in the next section.

Web server running on Private Subnet 1

Click on Launch Instance.

Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Search for Amazon Linux 2 AMI in the search box and click on the select button.

Choose an Instance Type: select t2.micro and click on the Next: Configure Instance Details

Configure Instance Details:

Network: Bastion-VPC
Subnet: Private Subnet 1
Auto-assign Public IP: Use Subnet Setting (Disable) - default

Now again scroll down to user Data copy and paste the below comment.

#!/bin/bash
sudo su
yum update -y
yum install httpd -y
systemctl start httpd
systemctl enable httpd
echo " REQUEST HANDLING BY SERVER 1" > /var/www/html/index.html

Click on Nex: Add Storage

Add Storage: No need to change anything in this step. Click on Next: Add tags

Add Tags: Click on Add tag

Key: Name
Value: Web-server-1

Click on Next: Configure Security Group

Configure Security Group:
Click on Create a new security group

Security group name: Web-server-SG
Description: Security group for web servers

For SSH:

Type: SSH
Source: type B and choose the Bastion server Security Group

On port 22, we choose the Bastion-SG security group as its source to allow SSH connection to web servers from only the bastion server by restricting the public SSH connection.

For HTTP:
Click on Add rule

Type: HTTP
Source: type L and choose the Load Balancer Security Group

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Create a new key pair
Key pair name: aws-web

Click on Download Key Pair

Click on Launch Instances.

Web server running on Private Subnet 2

Click on Launch Instance.

Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Search for Amazon Linux 2 AMI in the search box and click on the select button.

Choose an Instance Type: select t2.micro and click on the Next: Configure Instance Details

Configure Instance Details:

Network: Bastion-VPC
Subnet: Private Subnet 2
Auto-assign Public IP: Use Subnet Setting (Disable) - default

Now again scroll down to user Data copy and paste the below comment.

#!/bin/bash
sudo su
yum update -y
yum install httpd -y
systemctl start httpd
systemctl enable httpd
echo " REQUEST HANDLING BY SERVER 2" > /var/www/html/index.html

Click on Nex: Add Storage

Add Storage: No need to change anything in this step. Click on Next: Add tags

Add Tags: Click on Add tag

Key: Name
Value: Web-server-2

Click on Next: Configure Security Group

Configure Security Group:
Click on Select an existing security group
Select Web-server-SG

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Choose an existing key pair
Key pair name: aws-web
check I acknowledge that I have access to the selected private key file (aws-web.pem), and that without this file, I won't be able to log into my instance.

Click on Launch Instances.

Load Balancer Configuration

In the EC2 console, navigate to Load Balancers in the left side panel.

Click on Create Load Balancer at the top left to create a new load balancer for our web servers.

On the next screen, choose Application Load Balancer since we are testing the high availability of the web app.

In configure the load balancer enter the details below:

Name: Web-application-LB
Scheme: Internet-facing
Ip address type: ipv4
Listener: Default (HTTP:80)

Availability Zones

VPC: Bastion-VPC

Availability Zones: Select All Availability Zones
Make sure you select the Public Subnet in the Availability zone us-east-1a and us-east-1b.

Note: we must specify the availability zones in which your load balancer needs to be enabled, making it routing the traffic only to the targets launched in those availability zones. You must include subnets from a minimum of two Availability zones to make our Load balancer Highly Available.

After filling in all the details above, click on Next: Configure Security Settings.

On the next page, ignore the warning and click on Next: Configure Security Settings.

Configure Security Settings:
Select an existing security group and chose the security group LoadBalancer-SG (we created this one in the step above)

Click on Next: Configure Routing

Configure Routing

Target Group: New target group
Name: web-app-TG
Target Type: Instance
Protocol: HTTP
Port: 80

Note: The target group is used to route requests to one or more registered targets

Health check:

Protocol: HTTP
Path: /index.html

Note: The load balancer periodically sends pings, attempts connections, or sends requests to test the EC2 instances. These tests are called health checks.

In the upcoming steps, we will create an index.html in the root directory of the Apache web servers (/var/www/html) to pass this health check.

Advanced health check settings:

Healthy threshold: 3
Unhealthy threshold: 2
Timeout: 5
Interval: 10
Success codes: 200

Click on Next: Registering Targets

Registering Targets
Choose the two web instances and then click on Add to registered and click on Next: Review.

Once you reviewed the settings, click on Create.

You have successfully created the Application Load balancer. Please wait for 3-4 minutes to make this ALB into Active state.

Wait until the State change to active

Validation Test

ELB health

Navigate to Target Groups

Click on Targets tab to see the Status of the attached targets.

It should show Healthy for the Load Balancer to work properly. You may need to wait for 2-5 minutes before the load balancer’s status updates to “Healthy”

Now navigate to Load Balancers and select the load balancer that you created earlier. Click on Description, copy the and paste it into the browser.

e.g: DNS URL: Web-application-LB-1853289169.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com

Refresh the browser a couple of times to see the requests being served from both servers. Seeing output similar to REQUEST HANDLING BY SERVER 1 & REQUEST HANDLING BY SERVER 2 implies that load is shared between the two web servers via Application Load Balancer.

Now we have successfully created a bastion server, two web servers and an Application Load balancer, registered the targets to the load balancer and tested the working of Load Balancer.

High Availability

Test case for High Availability
To check for high availability, we will make one of the instances unhealthy and test whether we get response from the other server.

If your instance is shown as Unhealthy then it’s status would be one of the following:

stopping
stopped
terminating
terminated

Navigate to the EC2 dashboard and select Web-server-1. Click on Actions, select Instance State and then click on stop.

Navigate to Load Balancers and click on targets. Here you will find the status of Web-server-1 (which should be unhealthy because it is unused).

Navigate to Load balancers–>Description–>DNS name. Copy the DNS name and paste it into your browser. You should see the response “REQUEST HANDLING BY SERVER 2” FROM WEB-SERVER-2.

If you refresh a few times, you will continue to see the response only from Web-server-2

Repeat step 3 by stopping Web-server-2 and starting Web-server-1 back up. This time you should see the response “REQUEST HANDLING BY SERVER” from Web-server-1.

Refresh the page

SSH into the Bastion server

If you cannot understand the following steps. Click on SSH into EC2 instance

Copy public address of Bastion server

Modify the .pem file permission and connect to the Bastion server

SSH from Bastion server to web servers

Upload .pem file to Bastion server

On the terminal connecting to Bastion server
Print working directory

On your local terminal
Upload .pem file of the web server to Bastion server

On your local terminal
Successful

On the terminal connecting to Bastion server
List current working directory. We can see the .pem file of the web server

Web-server-1

Copy the private IP address of Web-server-1

On the terminal connecting to Bastion server
Connect to Web-server-1

Exit

Web-server-2

Copy the private IP address of Web-server-2
On the terminal connecting to Bastion server
Connect to Web-server-2

Completion and Conclusion

We have launched a Bastion server and two web-servers. We were able to SSH into the servers via Bastion Server successfully.
We launched an Application Load Balancer and associated our web servers with the load balancer.
We tested the load sharing between web servers.
We successfully tested the high availability of the web application by making one of the web servers unhealthy.

Launch Amazon EC2 instance, Launch Amazon RDS Instance, Connecting RDS from EC2 Instance

https://play.whizlabs.com/site/task_details?lab_type=1&task_id=26&quest_id=35

Lab Details

This lab walks you through the steps of connecting Amazon EC2 with Amazon RDS Instance.
We will create an EC2 instance inside a public subnet and an Amazon RDS in a private subnet group.

Tasks

Log into the AWS Management Console.
Create an EC2 instance.
Create an Amazon RDS instance.
Create a connection to the Amazon RDS database on the EC2 instance.
Create a Database and Add new tables and data to Database for testing.

Architect Diagram

EC2 Configuration

Services -> EC2 -> Instances

Web Server Configuration

Click on Launch Instance

Choose the first Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Amazon Linux 2 AMI (HVM), SSD Volume Type click on the Select button.

Instance Type : t2.micro

In the Configure Instance Details,

Leave all fields with the default values and then click on Next: Add Storage

No need to change anything in this step, click on Next: Add Tags

Add Tags: Click on Add Tag

Key: Name
Value: Web Server

Click on Next: Configure Security Group.

Configure Security Group:

Assign a security group: Choose to Create a new security group

Security group name: Web-Server-SG
Description: Security group for Web server

For SSH:

Type: SSH
Source: Anywhere

For HTTP:

Type: HTTP
Source: Anywhere

For SSH:

Type: HTTPS
Source: Anywhere

Click on Review and Launch

Review and Launch : Review all settings and click on Launch.

Select Create a new key pair
Key pair Name: aws-web

Click on Download Key Pair.
Click on Launch Instances.

RDS Configuration

Services -> RDS -> Databases

Create an Amazon RDS Database

Click Create database.

Click on Switch to your original interface

Step 1: Select engine

Select MySQL.

Click on Next

Step 2: Choose use case

Use case: Dev/Test - MySQL

Click on Next

Step 3: Specify DB details

License model: general-public-licence
DB engine version: leave the default
Only enable options eligible for RDS Free Usage Tier: check
DB instance class: db.t2.micro - 1 vCPU, 1 GiB RAM

Allocated Storage: 20 GIB
Enable storage autoscaling: uncheck

In the Settings section:

DB instance identifier: mydbinstance
Master username: Enter rdsuser
Master password: myPassWord
Confirm password: Confirm the password.

Note: Make sure you record all the details you entered , including the DB Instance Identifier, Username, Password etc.. They will be used while connecting from EC2.

Click on Next.

Step 4: Configure advanced settings

Under Configure advanced settings, in the Network Security section, configure the following:

Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): Select same default VPC which was available while creating EC2
Subnet Group: default
Public accessibility: No
Availability zone: No preference
VPC security groups: Create new VPC security group

Leave other parameters as default.

Under Database Options,

Database name: myrdsdatabase

Leave other parameters as default.

In the Backup section,

For Backup retention period, select 0 days

Leave other parameters as default.

Enable deletion protection: uncheck
Leave other parameters as default.
Scroll to the bottom of the page, then click on Create database.

Click on View DB instance details to see the RDS Instance created.

It will take a few minutes for the MySQL database to become available.

In the left navigation pane, click Databases.

Click refresh every 60 seconds until the instance status changes to available.

Security Group Configuration

Click on the database your just created.

Click on the next line under VPC security groups

Click on Inbound rules tab

Click on Edit inbound rules

Delete the existing IP address

Then input sg and select the security group for your Web Server

Click on Save rules

Validation Test

Services -> EC2 -> Instances

SSH into the Web Server

If you cannot understand the following steps. Click on SSH into EC2 instance

Copy public address of Web server

Modify the .pem file permission and connect to the Bastion server

Install packages on AWS Web Server

On your terminal connecting to the AWS Web server

Web Server Shell

1 2	sudo -s yum install mysql

Connect to RDS database

Services -> RDS -> Databases

Click on the database you created

Copy the Endpoint

Back to the terminal connecting to the AWS Web server

Web Server Shell

1	mysql -h [rds-endpoint] -P 3306 -u [username] -p

Successful

Manipulate RDS database

On your terminal connecting to the AWS Web server

Create a database:

Web Server Shell - MySQL

1	CREATE DATABASE SchoolDB;

You can see the created database with following command:

Web Server Shell - MySQL

1	show databases;

Switch to the database named SchoolDB.

Web Server Shell - MySQL

1	use SchoolDB;

Create a sample table consisting of Subjects.

Web Server Shell - MySQL

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS subjects (
subject_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
          subject_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
          teacher VARCHAR(255),
          start_date DATE,
          lesson TEXT,
          PRIMARY KEY (subject_id)
          ) ENGINE=INNODB;

Enter show tables; to see the table you just created.

Web Server Shell - MySQL

1 2	show tables; show columns from subjects

Insert some details into the table:

Web Server Shell - MySQL

INSERT INTO subjects(subject_name, teacher) VALUES ('English', 'John Taylor');
INSERT INTO subjects(subject_name, teacher) VALUES ('Science', 'Mary Smith');
INSERT INTO subjects(subject_name, teacher) VALUES ('Maths', 'Ted Miller');
INSERT INTO subjects(subject_name, teacher) VALUES ('Arts', 'Suzan Carpenter');

Let’s check the items we added into the table:

Web Server Shell - MySQL

1	select * from subjects;

Try out some more SQL commands and play around with the table to strengthen your understanding.

Run exit; to exit the MySQL client.

Web Server Shell - MySQL

exit

Completion and Conclusion

You have successfully launched EC2 Instance in a default VPC.
You have successfully launched Amazon RDS and updated the security group so that the EC2 Instance can access the Amazon RDS.
You successfully ran a MySQL command and performed operations on a database created with Amazon RDS.

Introduction to Creating AWS VPC Flow Logs

https://play.whizlabs.com/site/task_details?lab_type=1&task_id=130&quest_id=35

Lab Details

This lab walks you through the steps to creating VPC Flow Logs.
You will practice using VPC flow logs with AWS VPCs.

Introduction

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) lets you provision a logically isolated section of the AWS Cloud where you can launch AWS resources in a virtual network that you define. You have complete control over your virtual networking environment, including a selection of your own IP address range, creation of subnets, and configuration of route tables and network gateways.
You can use both IPv4 and IPv6 in your VPC for secure and easy access to resources and applications.
You can easily customize the network configuration of your Amazon VPC. For example, you can create a public-facing subnet for your web servers that have access to the internet.
You can also place your backend systems, such as databases or application servers, in a private-facing subnet with no internet access. You can use multiple layers of security, including security groups and network access control lists, to help control access to Amazon EC2 instances in each subnet.

Lab Tasks

Log into the AWS Management Console.
Create CloudWatch Logs.
Create an IAM Role.
Create an IAM Policy and attach it to the role.
Create a VPC.
Create VPC Flow Logs.

Architecture Diagram

CloudWatch Configuration

Services -> CloudWatch -> Log groups

Create a CloudWatch Log

Click on Create Log Group.

Enter the Log Group Name : vpclogs and click on Create.

IAM Configuration

Services -> IAM -> policies

Create an IAM Policy

Click on Create policy.

Click on JSON tab.
Paste the code below.
Click on Reviwe policy

vpclogs

{

    "Version": "2012-10-17",

    "Statement": [

        {

            "Effect": "Allow",

            "Action": [

                "ec2:AssociateVpcCidrBlock",

                "ec2:AuthorizeSecurityGroupEgress",

                "ec2:AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress",

                "ec2:CreateEgressOnlyInternetGateway",

                "ec2:CreateFlowLogs",

                "ec2:CreateRoute",

                "ec2:CreateRouteTable",

                "ec2:CreateSecurityGroup",

                "ec2:CreateSubnet",

                "ec2:CreateTags",

                "ec2:CreateVpc",

                "ec2:Describe*",

                "ec2:EnableVgwRoutePropagation",

                "ec2:EnableVpcClassicLink",

                "ec2:EnableVpcClassicLinkDnsSupport",

                "ec2:MoveAddressToVpc",

                "ec2:RestoreAddressToClassic",

                "ec2:RevokeSecurityGroupEgress",

                "ec2:RevokeSecurityGroupIngress",

                "ec2:UnassignPrivateIpAddresses",

                "ec2:UpdateSecurityGroupRuleDescriptionsEgress",

                "ec2:UpdateSecurityGroupRuleDescriptionsIngress"

            ],

            "Resource": "*",

            "Condition": {

                "StringEquals": {

                    "aws:RequestedRegion": "us-east-1"

                }

            }

        }

    ]

}

Name: vpclogs
Description: IAM roles of CloudWatch for generating VPC logs.

Click on Create policy.